DOCUMENT RESEARCH

Data sources: PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, CINALH, MEDLINE, Scopus and PsychINFO.

Study selection: studies published from January 1939 to March 2017. 

Languages: English, Spanish, French, German.

Dermatomes

  • Ladak A, Tubbs RS, Spinner RJ:
    Mapping sensory nerve communications between peripheral nerve territories. Clin Anat. 2014 Jul;27(5):681-90.

  • Downs MB, Laporte C:
    Conflicting dermatome maps: educational and clinical implications. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011 Jun;41(6):427-34. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2011.3506. PubMed PMID: 21628826.

  • Mulcahey MJ, Gaughan J, Betz RR: 
    Agreement of repeated motor and sensory scores at individual myotomes and dermatomes in young persons with complete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009 Jan;47(1):56-61.

  • Lee MW, McPhee RW, Stringer MD:
    An evidence-based approach to human dermatomes. Clin Anat. 2008 Jul;21(5):363-73. doi: 10.1002/ca.20636. Review. PubMed PMID: 18470936.

  • Murray GM, ed. Referred pain: 
    Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2009;17(6):i. doi:10.1590/S1678-77572009000600001.

Keywords: dermatomes; nerve; communications; map; cutaneous; sensory; anatomy, neck, nerves, sensation, skin, spine; spinal nerve; dorsal nerve root; human, systematic review.

Referred pain from muscle/ligaments:

  • Dommerholt J, Grieve R, Hooks T, Layton M:
    A critical overview of the current myofascial pain literature - October 2015. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015 Oct;19(4):736-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.09.003. Review. PubMed PMID: 26592232.

  • Arendt-Nielsen L, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Graven-Nielsen T:
    Basic aspects of musculoskeletal pain: from acute to chronic pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2011 Nov;19(4):186-93. doi: 10.1179/106698111X13129729551903. PubMed PMID: 23115471; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3201649.

  • Binderup AT, Arendt-Nielsen L, Madeleine P:
    Pressure pain sensitivity maps of the neck-shoulder and the low back regions in men and women. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010 Oct 12;11: 234. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-234. PubMed PMID: 20939890; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2964538.

  • Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T:
    Muscle pain: sensory implications and interaction with motor control. Clin J Pain. 2008 May;24(4):291-8. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815b608f. Review. PubMed PMID: 18427227.

  • Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P:
    Referred muscle pain: basic and clinical findings. Clin J Pain. 2001 Mar;17(1):11-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 11289083.

  • KELLGREN JH:
    On the distribution of pain arising from deep somatic structures with charts of segmental pain areas. Reprinted from "Clinical Science," Vol. 4, No. 1, June 1939.

  • KELLGREN JH:
    Deep pain sensibility. Lancet. 1949 Jun 4;1(6562):943-9. PubMed PMID: 18149303.

  • Dorsher PT:
    Myofascial referred-pain data provide physiologic evidence of acupuncture meridians. J Pain. 2009 Jul;10(7):723-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.010. PubMed PMID: 19409857.

Keywords: Muscle Pain-Referred pain-Experimental-Hyperexcitability, muscle pain, myofascial pain syndromes; systematic review; neck pain; low back pain.

Referred pain from Lung:

  • van der Bruggen W, Arens AI, van der Drift MA, de Geus-Oei LF, Gotthardt M, Oyen WJ:
    Referred shoulder pain in a patient with small cell lung cancer. Adrenal gland metastases. Neth J Med. 2013 May;71(4):203-6.

  • Abraham PJ, Capobianco DJ, Cheshire WP:
    Facial pain as the presenting symptom of lung carcinoma with normal chest radiograph. Headache. 2003 May;43(5):499-504. Review. PubMed PMID: 12752757.

  • Sarlani E, Schwartz AH, Greenspan JD, Grace EG:
    Facial pain as first manifestation of lung cancer: a case of lung cancer-related cluster headache and a review of the literature. J Orofac Pain. 2003 Summer;17(3):262-7. Review.PubMed PMID: 14558496.

  • Shakespeare TP, Stevens MJ:
    Unilateral facial pain and lung cancer. Australas Radiol. 1996 Feb;40(1):45-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 8838888.

  • Capobianco DJ:
    Facial pain as a symptom of nonmetastatic lung cancer. Headache. 1995 Nov-Dec;35(10):581-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 8550357.

  • Bongers KM, Willigers HM, Koehler PJ:
    Referred facial pain from lung carcinoma. Neurology. 1992 Sep;42(9):1841-2.

  • Capobianco DJ:
    Facial pain as a symptom of nonmetastatic lung cancer. Headache. 1995 Nov-Dec;35(10):581-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 8550357.

Keywords: referred pain, lung, pain; referral patterns, systematic review.

Referred pain from Heart:

  • Lollino N, Brunocilla PR, Poglio F, Vannini E, Lollino S, Lancia M:
    Non-orthopaedic causes of shoulder pain: what the shoulder expert must remember. Musculoskelet Surg. 2012 May;96 Suppl 1:S63-8. doi: 10.1007/s12306-012-0192-5.Review. PubMed PMID: 22528847.
  • Talner NS, Carboni MP:
    Chest pain in the adolescent and young adult. Cardiol Rev. 2000 Jan-Feb;8(1):49-56. Review. PubMed PMID: 11174873.

  • Börjesson M:
    Visceral chest pain in unstable angina pectoris and effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. (TENS). A review. Herz. 1999 Apr;24(2):114-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 10372297.

  • Katon WJ:
    Chest pain, cardiac disease, and panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990 May;51 Suppl:27-30; discussion 50-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 2186022.

Keywords: referred pain, heart, pain; referral patterns, systematic review.

Referred pain from Kidneys:

  • Pedersen KV, Drewes AM, Frimodt-Møller PC, Osther PJ:
    Visceral pain originating from the upper urinary tract. Urol Res. 2010 Oct;38(5):345-55. doi: 10.1007/s00240-010-0278-1. Review. PubMed PMID: 20473661.

  • Vecchiet L, Giamberardino MA, Bigontina PD (1992):
    Referred pain from viscera: When the symptoms persists despite the extinction of the visceral focus. Adv Pain Res Ther 20:101–110 


  • Vecchiet L, Giamberardino MA, Dragani L, Albe-Fessard D:
    Pain from renal/ureteral calculosis: evaluation of sensory thresholds in the lumbar area. Pain. 1989 Mar;36(3):289-95. PubMed PMID: 2710558.

Keywords: referred pain, kidneys, urinary tract, pain, renal colic, renal stone, systematic review.

Referred pain from Bladder, Ureter, Vulva:

  • Tripp DA, Nickel JC, Wong J, Pontari M, Moldwin R, Mayer R, Carr LK, Doggweiler R, Yang CC, Mishra N, Nordling J:
    Mapping of pain phenotypes in female patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis and controls. Eur Urol. 2012 Dec;62(6):1188-94. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.023. PubMed PMID: 22633363.

  • Fall M, Baranowski AP, Elneil S, Engeler D, Hughes J, Messelink EJ, Oberpenning F, de C Williams AC; European Association of Urology: 
    EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Eur Urol. 2010 Jan;57(1):35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.020. Review. PubMed PMID: 19733958

  • Warren JW, Langenberg P, Greenberg P, Diggs C, Jacobs S, Wesselmann U:
    Sites of pain from interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. J Urol. 2008 Oct;180(4):1373-7. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.06.039. PubMed PMID: 18707715.

  • Doggweiler-Wiygul R:
    Urologic myofascial pain syndromes. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004 Dec;8(6):445-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 15509457.

Keywords: referred pain, bladder, ureter, urinary bladder, cystitis, interstitial, pain, urethra, vulva, systematic review.

Referred pain from Stomach, Duodenum, Colon, Bowel:

  • Thompson WG, Longstreth GF, Drossman DA, Heaton KW, Irvine EJ, Müller-Lissner SA: 
    Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut. 1999 Sep;45 Suppl 2:II43-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 10457044; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1766683.

  • Swarbrick ET, Hegarty JE, Bat L, Williams CB, Dawson AM:
    Site of pain from the irritable bowel. Lancet. 1980 Aug 30;2(8192):443-6. PubMed PMID: 6106097.

  • Bloomfield AL, Polland WS:
    Experimental referred pain from the gastro-intestinal tract. part II. stomach, duodenum and colon. J Clin Invest. 1931 Aug;10(3):453-73. PubMed PMID: 16693992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC435763.

Keywords: duodenal referred pain, gastrointestinal referred pain, visceral pain, systematic review.

Referred pain from Pancreas:

  • Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, Tsiotos GG,  Vege SS; Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working Group:
    Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013 Jan;62(1):102-11. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779. PubMed PMID: 23100216.

  • Lieb JG 2nd, Forsmark CE:
    Review article: pain and chronic pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Apr 1;29(7):706-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03931.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19284407.

  • Ness TJ, Gebhart GF. 
    Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies. Pain. 1990 May;41(2):167-234. Review. PubMed PMID: 2195438.

Keywords: pancreas referred pain, systematic review.

Referred pain from Ovaries, Uterus

  • Jensen AM, Bewketu B, Sanford D:
    Intermittent low back pain referred from a uterine adenomyosis: a case report. J Chiropr Med. 2011 Mar;10(1):64-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2010.08.004. PubMed PMID: 22027211; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3110405.

  • Gunter J:
    Chronic pelvic pain: an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003 Sep;58(9):615-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 12972837.

  • Slocumb JC:
    Neurological factors in chronic pelvic pain: trigger points and the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Jul 1;149(5):536-43. PubMed PMID: 6234807.

Keywords: ovaries, uterus, referred pain, systematic review.

Referred pain from Prostate:

  • Lishchyna N, Henderson S:
    Acute onset-low back pain and hip pain secondary to metastatic prostate cancer: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2004 Mar;48(1):5-12. PubMed PMID: 17549214; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1840035.
  • Potts JM:
    Male Pelvic Pain: Beyond Urology and Chronic Prostatitis. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2016;12(1):27-39. Review. PubMed PMID: 26717951.

  • Potts JM:
    Male Pelvic Pain: Beyond Urology and Chronic Prostatitis. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2016;12(1):27-39. Review. PubMed PMID: 26717951.

  • Stein SL:
    Chronic pelvic pain. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013 Dec;42(4):785-800. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2013.08.005. Review. PubMed PMID: 24280400.

  • Berger RE:
    Urologic myofascial pain syndromes. J Urol. 2005 Sep;174(3):942. PubMed PMID: 16094001.

  • Doggweiler-Wiygul R:
    Urologic myofascial pain syndromes. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004 Dec;8(6):445-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 15509457.

Keywords: prostate, referred pain, systematic review.

Myotomes:

  • Pyun SB, Kang S, Kwon HK:
    Anatomical and electrophysiological myotomes corresponding to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. J Korean Med Sci. 2010 Mar;25(3):454-7. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.454. PubMed PMID: 20191047; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2826750.
  • Mulcahey MJ, Gaughan J, Betz RR:
    Agreement of repeated motor and sensory scores at individual myotomes and dermatomes in young persons with complete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009 Jan;47(1):56-61.

  • Katirji MB, Agrawal R, Kantra TA:
    The human cervical myotomes: an anatomical correlation between electromyography and CT/myelography. Muscle Nerve. 1988 Oct;11(10):1070-3. PubMed PMID: 2847039.

  • Brendler SJ:
    The human cervical myotomes: functional anatomy studied at operation. J Neurosurg. 1968 Feb;28(2):105-11. PubMed PMID: 5638010.

  • THEILER K:
    Differentiation of body myotomes in man and the origin of abdominal wall muscles. Acta Anat (Basel). 1957;30(1-4):842-64. German. PubMed PMID: 13478372.

Keywords: neurological examination, human body myotome, systematic review.

Sclerotomes:

  • Ivanusic JJ:
    The evidence for the spinal segmental innervation of bone. Clin Anat. 2007 Nov;20(8):956-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 17948287.

  • Meyr AJ, Diprimio R:
    Lower-extremity sclerotomes: clinical applications and the modified mayo block. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2009 May-Jun;99(3):232-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 19448174.

  • Olsen BR, Reginato AM, Wang W:
    Bone development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2000;16:191-220. Review. PubMed PMID: 11031235.

  • Harding G, Yelland M:
    Back, chest and abdominal pain - is it spinal referred pain? Aust Fam Physician. 2007 Jun;36(6):422-3, 425, 427-9. Review. PubMed PMID:  17565398.

Keywords: sclerotomes; segmental innervation of bone; skeletal innervation; systematic review.

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